Об альтернативных представлениях о механизмах обучения см.: R. Adey, Electrophysiological patterns and electrical impedance characteristics in orienting and discriminative behavior, Proc. Int. Physiol. Soc. (Tokyo) 23 (1965): 324–329; приведенная цитата — стр. 235.
В. D. Burns, The Mammalian Cerebral Cortex (London: Arnold, 1958); приведенная цитата — стр. 96; S. R. Caial, The Croonian Lecture. La fine structure des centers nerveux, Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. В 55 (1894): 444–467; D. 0. Hebb, The Organization of Behavior: A Neuropsychological Theory (New York: John Wiley, 1949).
Другие сведения, приведенные в этой главе, почерпнуты из следующих источников:
Castellucci, V., H. Pinsker, I. Kupfermann & E. R. Kandel. Neuronal mechanisms of habituation and dishabituation of the gill-withdrawal reflex in Aplysia. Science 167 (1970): 1745–1748. “Эти данные указывают…” — стр. 1748.
Hawkins, R. D., T. W. Abrams, T. J. Carew 81 E. R. Kan d el. A cellular mechanism of classical conditioning in Aplysia: Activity-dependent amplification ofpresynaptic facilitation. Science 219 (1983): 400–405.
Kandel, E. R. A Cell-Biological Approach to Learning. Grass Lecture Monograph I. Bethesda, Md.: Society for Neuroscience, 1978.
Kupfermann, I., V. Castellucci, H. Pinsker & E. R. Kandel. Neuronal correlates of habituation and dishabituation of the gill-withdrawalreflex in Aplysia. Science 167 (1970): 1743–1745.
Pinsker, H., I. Kupfermann, V. Castellucci & E. R. Kandel. Habituation and dishabituation of the gill-withdrawal reflex in Aplysia. Science 167 (1970): 1740–1743. “Судя no преимуществам…” — стр. 1740.
15. Биологические основы индивидуальности
Обсуждение работ Гельмгольца, посвященных бессознательным умозаключениям, основано на материалах следующих публикаций: С. Frith, Disorders of cognition and existence of unconscious mental processes: An introduction, in: E. Kandel et al., Principles of Neural Science, 5th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, forthcoming); R. M. Warren 81 R. P. Warren, Helmholtz on Perception: Its Physiology and Development (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1968); R. J. Herrnstein 81 E. Boring, eds., A Source Book in the History of Psychology (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1965), особенно стр. 189–193; R. L. Gregory, ed., The Oxford Companion to the Mind (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987), стр. 308–309.
Об Эббингаузе см.: Н. Ebbinghaus, Memory: A Contribution to Experimental Psychology, trans. H. A. Ruger & C. E. Bussenius (New York: Teacher’s College/Columbia University, 1913); оригинал опубликован на немецком в 1885 году.
О структурных изменениях в нервной системе аплизии см.:
С. Н. Bailey & М. Chen, Long-term memory in Aplysia modulates the total number of varicosities of single identified sensory neurons, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85 (1988): 2373–2377; C. H. Bailey & M. Chen, Time course of structural changes at identified sensory neuron synapses during long-term sensitization in Aplysia, J. Neurosci. 9 (1989): 1774–1780; С. Н. Bailey & E. R. Kandel, Structural changes accompanying memory storage, Annu. Rev. Physiol. 55 (1993): 397–426.
Другие сведения, приведенные в этой главе, почерпнуты из следующих источников:
Cajal, S. R. The Croonian Lecture: La fine structure des centres nerveux. Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. В 55 (1894): 444–467.
Dudai, Y. Memory from A to Z. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
Duncan, C. P. The retroactive effect of electroshock on learning. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 42 (1949): 32–44.
Ebert, Т., C. Pantev, C. Wienbruch, B. Rockstroh, and E. Taub. Increased cortical representation of the fingers of the left hand in string players. Science 270 (1995): 305–307.
Flexner, J. B., L. B. Flexner & E. Stellar. Memory in mice as affected by intracerebral puromycin. Science 141 (1963): 57–59.
Jenkins, W. М., M. M. Merzenich. M. T. Ochs, T. Allard 81 E. Guic-Robles. Functional reorganization of primary somatosensory cortex in adult owl monkeys after behaviorally controlled tactile stimulation. J. Neurophysiol. 63 (1990): 83–104.
16. Молекулы и кратковременная память
О механизмах работы циклического АМФ в целом см.: R. J. DeLange, R. G. Kemp, W. D. Riley, R. A. Cooper & E. G. Krebs. Activation of skeletal muscle phosphorylase kinase by adenosine triphosphate and adenosine 3’, 5’ — monophosphate. J. Biol. Chem. 243, no. 9 (1968): 2200–2208; E. G. Krebs, Protein phosphorylation and cellular regulation, I in: Les Prix Nobel (The Nobel Prizes), ed. Nobel Foundation (Stockholm: Almquist & Wiksell International, 1992); T. W. Rail & E. W. Sutherland, The regulatory role of adenosine 3’, 5’ — phosphate. Cold SpringHarborSymp., Quant. Biol. 26 (1961) 347–354; A. E. Gilman, Nobel lecture. G Proteins and regulation of adenylyl cyclase, Biosci. Reports 15 (1995): 65–97; P. Greengard, The neurobiology of dopamine signaling, in: Les Prix Nobel (The Nobel Prizes), ed. Nobel Foundation, 262–281 (Stockholm: Almquist & Wiksell International, 2000).
О работе циклического АМФ в нервной системе аплизии: см. J. Н. Schwartz, V. F. Castellucci & E. R. Kandel, Functioning of identified neurons and synapses in abdominal ganglion of Aplysia in absence of protein synthesis, J. Neurophysiol. 34 (1971): 939–953;
H. Cedar, E. R. Kandel, and J. H. Schwartz, Cyclic adenosine monophosphate in the nervous system of Aplysia californica: Increased synthesis in response to synaptic stimulation. J. Gen. Physiol. 60 (1972): 558–569; M. Brunelli, V. Castellucci & E. R. Kandel, Synaptic facilitation and behavioral sensitization in Aplysia: Possible role of serotonin and cyclic AMP. Science 194 (1976): 1178–1181; V. F. Castellucci, E. R. Kandel, J. H. Schwartz, F. D. Wilson, A. C. Nairn & P. Greengard. Intracellular injection of the catalytic subunit of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase simulates facilitation of transmitter release underlying behavioral sensitization in Aplysia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 11 (1980): 7492–7496.
О работе циклического АМФ в нервной системе дрозофилы см.: S. Benzer, Behavioral mutants of Drosophila isolated by counter current distribution, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 58 (1967): 1112–1119; D. Byers, R. L. Davis & J. R. Kiger Jr., Defect in cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase due to the dunce mutation of learning in Drosophila melanogaster, Nature 289 (1981): 79–81; Y. Dudai, Y. N. Jan, D. Byers, W. G. Quinn 81 S. Benzer. Dunce, a mutant of Drosophila deficient in learning. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73, no. 5 (1976): 1684–1688.
Другие сведения, приведенные в этой главе, почерпнуты из следующих источников:
Castellucci, V. & E. R. Kandel. Presynaptic facilitation as a mechanism for behavioral sensitization in Aplysia. Science 194 (1976): 1176–1178.
Dale, N. & E. R. Kandel. L-glutamate may be the fast excitatory transmitter of Aplysia sensory neurons. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 90 (1993): 7163–7167.
Jacob, F. The Possible and the Actual. New York: Pantheon, 1982; приведенная цитата — стр. 33–35.
Jacob, F. The Statue Within. Translated by F. Philip. New York: Basic Books, 1988.
Kandel, E. R. Cellular Basis of Behavior: An Introduction to Behavioral Neurobiology. San Francisco: Freeman, 1976.
Kandel, E. R., M. Klein, B. Hochner, M. Shuster, S. Siegelbaum, R. Hawkins, D. Glanzman, V. F. Castellucci & T. Abrams. Synaptic modulation and learning: New insights into synaptic transmission from the study of behavior. In: Synaptic Function, ed. G. M. Edelman, W. E. Gall 81 W. M. Cowan, 471–518. New York: John Wiley 81 Sons, 1987.